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2025 Coefficient Update (Highlights)

Each year, Klappir reviews and updates its coefficients to reflect the latest data, research, and methodological improvements.

Updated over a week ago

The 2025 update followed the standard Coefficient Update Process, beginning in September with sourcing, testing, and approval led by the Coefficient Committee.

Below is a summary of key updates across major categories.

Fuels

  • Methodology: No changes in 2025.

  • Deviations: None notable large shifts compared to 2024.
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Waste

  • Coverage: Unchanged

  • Update: The emission factor for recycled waste decreased by 26.9% (0.0064 → 0.0047 kgCO₂e/kg).

  • Reason: Updated assumptions for emissions from materials recovery facilities (MRF), now 1.64 kg per tonne of input.

  • Scope Note: Waste coefficients (except landfill) cover collection and delivery to the first treatment or disposal point only, suitable for Scope 3 reporting, not for comparing treatment options.

  • Additional detail: All waste transport distance and treatment assumptions were reviewed but remain unchanged from 2024.
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Construction Materials, Packaging & Electronics

  • Coverage and Deviations: No significant changes in the 2025 update.
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Business Travel (Air)

  • Coverage: Unchanged.

  • Update: Significant decreases in flight-related emission factors due to updated load factors following post-COVID normalization.

  • Change Range: Approximately −15.8% (domestic) to −41.4% (long-haul).

Note: These changes may reduce reported emissions from air travel compared to 2024

Hotel Stays

  • Coverage: 249 countries.

  • Updates: None in 2025 (no new factors available).
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Upstream Transportation & Distribution (T&D)

  • Coverage: Unchanged.

  • Key Changes:

    • Rigid trucks: ↑ ~10.6% due to lower average load per vehicle.

    • Electric vehicles: ↓ ~10.8–20.8% due to lower UK grid factor and more efficient new registrations.

    • Air freight: ↓ ~18.1–23.3% due to updated aviation model data and improved load factors.

Note: These changes may affect freight and logistics-related Scope 3 emissions.

Employee Commute

  • Coverage: Unchanged.

  • Update: All electric and hybrid (xEV) commute factors decreased due to a lower UK electricity generation factor and improved vehicle efficiency.

  • Change Range: −5.3% (plug-in hybrids) to −16.1% (battery-electric vehicles).

Scope Note: Commute coefficients are globally applicable (DEFRA-based). For Iceland, electric, hybrid, and methane factors are sourced from the Icelandic Environment Agency.

Hot Water (Iceland)

  • As of December 2025, the Icelandic Environment & Energy Agency has published new factors which have been applied to the platform for 2025 data: +24.36%.
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Fugitive Emissions

  • No 2025 updates to refrigerants/other gases (not subject to annual changes).
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Electricity

  • Overall: Considerable changes across several countries.

  • Largest increases:

    • Switzerland: +282.8%

    • Ukraine: +185.7%

  • Decrease:

    • Iceland: -10%

  • Main drivers:

    • Changes in national energy mixes (e.g., Switzerland).

    • Source changes and energy system restructuring (e.g., Ukraine).

    • Reduced coal use in Denmark, replaced by biofuels.

Note: These variations may significantly impact Scope 2 electricity emissions for some regions.
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Additional countries with notable (>10%) changes:

Portugal, France, Denmark, Croatia, Finland, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Spain, the Faroe Islands, Italy, and Greece.

Heating

  • Coverage: Country-specific averages plus supplier-specific factors for Danish district heating providers.

  • Key Updates:

    • Finland: −15.3% year-over-year decrease.

    • Denmark: Multiple supplier-specific changes, with several deviations exceeding ±50%, primarily due to:​

      • Reduced coal imports following the Russian coal embargo.

      • Methodological updates in Energinet’s 2025 reporting data.

Note: Danish heating factors therefore show a wider range of variability than in previous years.

Scope & Attribution Guidance (Quick Reference)

  • Waste (except landfill): All waste goes into Scope 3, but the emissions associated with for example incineration for energy purposes goes into Scope 2 for the company that buys the heat.

  • Commute (global): DEFRA-based; Iceland EV/hybrid/methane factors sourced locally.

  • Classification is the matching backbone: ensure imported data includes the correct classification to align with the intended factor.

Further resources on Scope 2 and 3 categorisation

Change Management & Auditability

  • Every coefficient stores metadata (type, source, coverage tier, sourcing method).

  • Annual reviews and approvals are logged by the Coefficient Committee.

  • All changes are test-validated against representative customer datasets before deployment.

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