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2025 Coefficient Update (Highlights)

Each year, Klappir reviews and updates its coefficients to reflect the latest data, research, and methodological improvements.

The 2025 update followed the standard Coefficient Update Process, beginning in September with sourcing, testing, and approval led by the Coefficient Committee.

Below is a summary of key updates across major categories.

Fuels

  • Methodology: No changes in 2025.

  • Deviations: None notable large shifts compared to 2024.
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Waste

  • Coverage: Unchanged

  • Update: The emission factor for recycled waste decreased by 26.9% (0.0064 → 0.0047 kgCO₂e/kg).

  • Reason: Updated assumptions for emissions from materials recovery facilities (MRF), now 1.64 kg per tonne of input.

  • Scope Note: Waste coefficients (except landfill) cover collection and delivery to the first treatment or disposal point only, suitable for Scope 3 reporting, not for comparing treatment options.

  • Additional detail: All waste transport distance and treatment assumptions were reviewed but remain unchanged from 2024.
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Construction Materials, Packaging & Electronics

  • Coverage and Deviations: No significant changes in the 2025 update.
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Business Travel (Air)

  • Coverage: Unchanged.

  • Update: Significant decreases in flight-related emission factors due to updated load factors following post-COVID normalization.

  • Change Range: Approximately −15.8% (domestic) to −41.4% (long-haul).

Note: These changes may reduce reported emissions from air travel compared to 2024

Hotel Stays

  • Coverage: 249 countries.

  • Updates: None in 2025 (no new factors available).
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Upstream Transportation & Distribution (T&D)

  • Coverage: Unchanged.

  • Key Changes:

    • Rigid trucks: ↑ ~10.6% due to lower average load per vehicle.

    • Electric vehicles: ↓ ~10.8–20.8% due to lower UK grid factor and more efficient new registrations.

    • Air freight: ↓ ~18.1–23.3% due to updated aviation model data and improved load factors.

Note: These changes may affect freight and logistics-related Scope 3 emissions.

Employee Commute

  • Coverage: Unchanged.

  • Update: All electric and hybrid (xEV) commute factors decreased due to a lower UK electricity generation factor and improved vehicle efficiency.

  • Change Range: −5.3% (plug-in hybrids) to −16.1% (battery-electric vehicles).

Scope Note: Commute coefficients are globally applicable (DEFRA-based). For Iceland, electric, hybrid, and methane factors are sourced from the Icelandic Environment Agency.

Hot Water (Iceland)

  • As of December 2025, the Icelandic Environment & Energy Agency has published new factors which have been applied to the platform for 2025 data: +24.36%.
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Fugitive Emissions

  • No 2025 updates to refrigerants/other gases (not subject to annual changes).
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Electricity

  • Overall: Considerable changes across several countries.

  • Largest increases:

    • Switzerland: +282.8%

    • Ukraine: +185.7%

  • Decrease:

    • Iceland: -10%

  • Main drivers:

    • Changes in national energy mixes (e.g., Switzerland).

    • Source changes and energy system restructuring (e.g., Ukraine).

    • Reduced coal use in Denmark, replaced by biofuels.

Note: These variations may significantly impact Scope 2 electricity emissions for some regions.
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Additional countries with notable (>10%) changes:

Portugal, France, Denmark, Croatia, Finland, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Spain, the Faroe Islands, Italy, and Greece.

Heating

  • Coverage: Country-specific averages plus supplier-specific factors for Danish district heating providers.

  • Key Updates:

    • Finland: −15.3% year-over-year decrease.

    • Denmark: Multiple supplier-specific changes, with several deviations exceeding ±50%, primarily due to:​

      • Reduced coal imports following the Russian coal embargo.

      • Methodological updates in Energinet’s 2025 reporting data.

Note: Danish heating factors therefore show a wider range of variability than in previous years.

Scope & Attribution Guidance (Quick Reference)

  • Waste (except landfill): All waste goes into Scope 3, but the emissions associated with for example incineration for energy purposes goes into Scope 2 for the company that buys the heat.

  • Commute (global): DEFRA-based; Iceland EV/hybrid/methane factors sourced locally.

  • Classification is the matching backbone: ensure imported data includes the correct classification to align with the intended factor.

Further resources on Scope 2 and 3 categorisation

Change Management & Auditability

  • Every coefficient stores metadata (type, source, coverage tier, sourcing method).

  • Annual reviews and approvals are logged by the Coefficient Committee.

  • All changes are test-validated against representative customer datasets before deployment.

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